DESIGNS FOR EVM GAS ACCOUNTING IN EIP-7999

Summary from the TLDR Crypto newsletter

There are four candidate architectures for EIP-7999 multidimensional gas accounting, which frames the central problem: the EVM exposes one scalar budget, but pricing execution, state bytes, and data bytes as distinct resources requires separate meters. The designs range from Aggregate EVM Gas, which preserves the scalar meter while tracking resource consumption post-hoc at the cost of conservative over-funding, to an Updated EVM that carries resource vectors through every execution frame at the cost of toolchain-wide migration. The two middle approaches, Multidimensional Subfee Market and Universal Overflow, address the over-funding problem with different tradeoffs: volatile opcode costs versus weakened CALL guarantees on nested calls.