FAFO: 1 MILLION TPS ON A SINGLE EVM NODE

Summary from the TLDR Crypto newsletter

LayerZero has introduced FAFO (Fast Ahead-of-Formation Optimization), a blockchain transaction scheduler that achieves over 1.1 million native ETH transfers per second and 565,000 ERC20 transfers per second on a single node by reordering transactions before block formation to maximize parallel execution. The system uses CPU-optimized Bloom filters for efficient conflict detection and maintains full Merkleization of every block while achieving 91% lower costs compared to state-of-the-art sharded execution approaches. FAFO demonstrates that significant blockchain throughput improvements can be achieved through efficient CPU utilization and innovative scheduling design without the complexity of sharding, with the open-source implementation integrating Rust EVM (REVM) and QMDB for verifiable state management.