HORIZONTAL VS VERTICAL SCALING: THE NEW MODULAR VS MONOLITHIC

Summary from the TLDR Crypto newsletter

Modularity is a horizontal scaling technique that breaks blockchain down to its core components to make block creation more efficient. Vertical scaling involves increasing the hardware requirements of nodes and optimizing on the software level. Both modular and monolithic chains can employ horizontal and vertical scaling techniques. The endgame of Ethereum scalability will combine horizontal scaling through sharding and vertical scaling through parallelized VMs, which the =nil; L2 is working towards by incorporating modularity, zkSharding, and intra-shard parallelization.